How to define green adjuvants.

Influence of polymer adjuvants on the ultrasound-mediated transfection of cells in culture.

The purpose of this study was to further understand the mechanisms involved in ultrasound-mediated delivery of DNA (sonoporation); in particular, to understand how a plasmid should be formulated with an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA). Different polymer adjuvant-UCA combinations were formulated, and their impact on in vitro DNA transfection, was determined, under various experimental conditions...

Flagellin fusion proteins as adjuvants or vaccines induce specific immune responses.

Vaccination is the most efficient prophylaxis against a variety of infectious diseases. New vaccination strategies rely on the incorporation of effective adjuvants, which stimulate the innate immune response and, in turn, activate the adaptive immune response. It is well established that flagellin induces inflammatory responses through the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In order...

Define and Conquer: How Semantics Foster Progress; A Response to Recent Commentaries

New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development.

Over the last decade, there has been a flurry of research on adjuvants for vaccines, and several novel adjuvants are now in licensed products or in late stage clinical development. The success of adjuvants in enhancing the immune response to recombinant antigens has led many researchers to re-focus their vaccine development programs. Successful vaccine development requires knowing which adjuvan...

How to define ‘Moral Realism’

Moral realism is the doctrine that some propositions asserting that some action is ‘morally’ good (obligatory, bad, or wrong) are true. This paper examines three different definitions of what it is for an action to be ‘morally’ good (with corresponding definitions for ‘morally’ obligatory, bad, or wrong) which would make moral realism a clear and plausible view. The first defines ‘morally good ...